WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:13.360 Watch Mr. Wizard. Now, Mr. Wizard's not his real name, but that's what all the kids in 00:13.360 --> 00:18.680 the neighborhood call him, because he shows them the magic and mystery of science in everyday 00:18.680 --> 00:36.000 living. Oh, Buzz, one of the kids in the neighborhood, is coming in the door right now. So, let's 00:36.000 --> 00:42.640 join him and watch Mr. Wizard. Hi, Mr. Wizard. Hi, Buzz. What you doing? What does that look 00:42.640 --> 00:49.640 like to you? Gee, a volcano. That's right, that's a volcano. Right now it's erupting. 00:49.640 --> 01:10.640 Gee. It goes on, doesn't it? And also makes things that makes me sneeze, I think. Excuse 01:10.640 --> 01:16.120 me. Well, you see, what you and I are going to talk about today is the world under our 01:16.120 --> 01:24.520 feet. In your nose. Getting in your nose, too. And at one time, the earth that we walk 01:24.520 --> 01:35.920 on was once all molten liquid. And as it began to cool, a crust formed on the outside and 01:35.920 --> 01:39.880 got deeper and deeper, but inside the earth it's still very hot. And once some of that 01:39.880 --> 01:46.400 heat and molten material goes up through the earth, it forms a volcano. Volcanoes. Now, 01:46.400 --> 01:48.920 there are still some volcanoes around the world in various places. Do you know where 01:48.920 --> 01:53.040 they are? Here's a map. See if you can find some. Well, I know a few of them. Gee, there's 01:53.040 --> 01:58.200 one in Japan. One in Japan, that's right, Fujiyama. And there's one in the Hawaiian 01:58.200 --> 02:01.640 Islands. That's right. And there's some others in the South Pacific. In fact, do you remember 02:01.640 --> 02:05.320 a little while ago an island blew up? Oh, yeah. It disappeared. That was because of 02:05.320 --> 02:11.800 a volcano. How about in our part of the world? Mexico. That's right. There's several in Mexico. 02:11.800 --> 02:15.000 Over in Europe? I know there's some over here, but I don't know where. That's right. Over 02:15.000 --> 02:20.840 here near Naples is one called Vesuvius. Yeah, wasn't that the one that buried the city of 02:20.840 --> 02:25.480 Pompeii? That's right. There's also some in Sicily. And, you know, our Rocky Mountains 02:25.480 --> 02:32.280 and the Alps and the Himalayas over here probably at some time had volcanoes in them also. So 02:32.280 --> 02:36.760 you see some of that heat that was in the center of the Earth is still bubbling out 02:36.760 --> 02:41.480 and forming a volcano. Now, let's take a look at what happens when we have a volcano. I've 02:41.480 --> 02:46.480 got a new one. We're going to make another volcano over here. This time I'm going to 02:46.480 --> 02:54.640 have you set it off. Okay. And in order to do that, you put an eyedropper full of this 02:54.640 --> 03:08.520 liquid right on the top. A whole? Yeah, a whole eyedropper full. It's dormant. Nobody 03:08.520 --> 03:16.640 suspects there might be a possibility that the mountain will erupt. Just to help it along, 03:16.640 --> 03:26.920 put more liquid on it. Aha, it begins to smoke. People start looking up. They start moving 03:26.920 --> 03:40.000 away. Start to run. There she goes. And they run like mad. They sure do. And they start 03:40.000 --> 03:46.240 to be buried. Now notice this fine ash that's rolling down the side of the mountain. Black 03:46.240 --> 03:52.000 the same sort of ash that buried the town of Pompeii. Sometimes when water gets into 03:52.000 --> 03:56.480 the volcano, for instance if there's a passageway underneath the ground from the ocean and water 03:56.480 --> 04:03.440 gets in there, and the lava gets mixed with water, it forms steam and little tiny bubbles 04:03.440 --> 04:09.080 form in the lava. And when it is blown out of the mountain, it rolls down in this form, 04:09.080 --> 04:14.640 also goes into the air in this form, and sometimes lands in the water and looks like this. See 04:14.640 --> 04:21.000 the little holes? Oh yeah. Well this is a form of material that comes from the mountain 04:21.000 --> 04:27.520 that is known as igneous rock. All rock that is formed by fire is called igneous. That's 04:27.520 --> 04:32.160 one of the words I want you to remember. Formed by fire, igneous. Igneous. You gonna sneeze 04:32.160 --> 04:37.960 too? Most. What do you expect being here near an erupting volcano? That's what the word 04:37.960 --> 04:44.960 means. Fire formed. Igneous rock. This is one form right here. The specific name of this is pumice. 04:44.960 --> 04:50.160 In fact, because it has so many little holes on it, even though it is rock, here, drop 04:50.160 --> 04:56.040 it in that glass of water. See that? It floats. It floats, that's right. And would actually 04:56.040 --> 05:02.960 float in the ocean. Now when they find pumice like this, they can very often grind it up 05:02.960 --> 05:09.960 into a fine powder like this. Here, put some of that between your fingers. See how very 05:10.580 --> 05:14.200 fine it is? Yeah. At the same time, if you feel it has a grittiness? Hard. Well they 05:14.200 --> 05:19.900 use that for polishing. Sometimes they form it into a stone and it's called a pumice stone. 05:19.900 --> 05:25.520 That's one kind of igneous rock. Now this time you keep an eye on that volcano because 05:25.520 --> 05:32.520 this time lava is going to come out. Lava? In fact, watch. See, while it's bubbling away 05:34.000 --> 05:40.520 here, not only pumice is coming out of it, but this time real lava. See it? Rolling down 05:40.520 --> 05:56.800 the side of the mountain. I'm helping it along just a little bit. Now that form of rock, 05:56.800 --> 06:01.480 when it comes out, this is igneous also, right? Because it was formed under fire, by fire. 06:01.480 --> 06:06.320 It rolls down the side of the mountain and begins to cool. And would look like this, 06:06.320 --> 06:12.800 for instance. See, there are various types. I thought lava was black and hardened like 06:12.800 --> 06:16.240 cinders. Well, the top surface of it, you see, that would be exposed to the air where 06:16.240 --> 06:21.360 so much heat would oxidize and so it would look more like cinders. But down below, where 06:21.360 --> 06:26.320 it's just plain hot and melted, when it cools it finally could form something like this. 06:26.320 --> 06:31.780 Some of the lava, when it cools, is black. In fact, do you recognize this? It's granite. 06:31.780 --> 06:37.280 And granite is igneous rock. In other words, formed by fire and laid down on a layer sometimes. 06:37.280 --> 06:43.120 Well, I have a special little landscape over here. See? Here's my little landscape. And 06:43.120 --> 06:47.480 we're going to investigate the various kinds of rock. Here's a mountain over here with, 06:47.480 --> 06:51.040 we might say, a big piece of granite. So you know that what is this black sort of stuff? 06:51.040 --> 06:52.120 That's igneous rock. 06:52.120 --> 06:56.600 Igneous rock formed by fire. And you see how it runs all the way over to another piece 06:56.600 --> 07:02.800 over here. So let's put a little sign up here. So we'll remember that this is igneous, formed 07:02.800 --> 07:07.640 by fire. Well, now something happens to this igneous rock. We don't have igneous rock all 07:07.640 --> 07:08.640 over the place. 07:08.640 --> 07:09.640 No. 07:09.640 --> 07:12.280 Things begin to tear it apart. Well, let's see if we can find out what it is that tears 07:12.280 --> 07:17.800 this igneous rock apart. And you see this lava? Here it is down here, beginning to cool. 07:17.800 --> 07:22.640 See? This lava right down here would have bumps and holes in it, just like this has, 07:22.640 --> 07:27.200 and water could flow in there, couldn't it? And more lava could cover, perhaps, and they'd 07:27.200 --> 07:30.840 have little pockets and cracks all full of water. All right, now what if the temperature 07:30.840 --> 07:35.720 changed and it got very cold and the water could freeze? Strange things would happen. 07:35.720 --> 07:43.360 In fact, here is a very cold, cold liquid over here. Let us pretend that this is igneous 07:43.360 --> 07:48.440 rock that has water in it. And let us get it nice and cold by putting it in this special 07:48.440 --> 07:49.440 bath. 07:49.440 --> 07:54.200 Is that liquid oxygen? 07:54.200 --> 08:00.720 No, in this case, using dry ice or solid carbon dioxide and acetone to get it very cold. 08:00.720 --> 08:05.800 Well, let's also pretend that this bottle was made of igneous rock. Inside is water, 08:05.800 --> 08:11.720 cap on the top. If we put this igneous rock in and get it very cold, what do you suppose 08:11.720 --> 08:12.720 is going to happen to it? 08:12.720 --> 08:13.720 I think I know. 08:13.720 --> 08:14.720 What? 08:14.720 --> 08:15.720 It's going to crack. 08:15.720 --> 08:16.720 You think so? Well, keep an eye on it. 08:16.720 --> 08:28.880 Getting colder and colder, gradually forming into ice. Did you hear a crack? 08:28.880 --> 08:29.880 Yep. 08:29.880 --> 08:32.040 I did. I don't know whether that was a little bottle. 08:32.040 --> 08:33.040 Yeah, it cracked a little bit. 08:33.040 --> 08:42.200 Yeah, it began to form cracks. Yeah, the ice is holding it together. There, you see the 08:42.200 --> 08:48.000 cracks forming into it? Gradually as it got colder and colder, it could pry the igneous 08:48.000 --> 08:57.120 rock apart. It is one way of going over there too. In fact, let's take a look at our, see 08:57.120 --> 09:01.320 if there are any cracks in that yet. No, let's leave that in there for a while, let it get 09:01.320 --> 09:02.320 nice and cold. 09:02.320 --> 09:07.160 Well, you can see how that crack would form. It would get wider and wider as the ice began 09:07.160 --> 09:11.560 to, you know, push on the sides and begin to break that igneous rock up into pieces. 09:11.560 --> 09:15.880 That's one way that it's broken up. Then what about when it was very hot, either from the 09:15.880 --> 09:20.440 heat of the earth or the sun beating down on it, if it were solid material, something 09:20.440 --> 09:24.680 like glass, and you heated it up and it heated up unevenly, what would happen to it? 09:24.680 --> 09:26.720 Well, it'd get, break! 09:26.720 --> 09:28.760 Sure, it would break. 09:28.760 --> 09:34.240 Oh yeah, I know that. I've taken a glass and get it real hot and then accidentally 09:34.240 --> 09:36.240 it gets real cold. 09:36.240 --> 09:39.960 Breaks something like this, huh? In fact, see the stove over here? Let's pretend that 09:39.960 --> 09:44.520 that's the heat on the inside of the earth, and here I have some glass, which would be 09:44.520 --> 09:53.920 the igneous rock, and which had cooled, and now when it was heated up again, well, all 09:53.920 --> 09:57.000 kinds of things could happen, right? 09:57.000 --> 10:01.960 This same sort of thing happens to igneous rock to help break it up into various pieces. 10:01.960 --> 10:05.960 Bam! It really went, didn't it? 10:05.960 --> 10:09.320 We need to turn the other one on. 10:09.320 --> 10:14.880 In fact, let's push this one over, because at the same time as it was forced apart like 10:14.880 --> 10:23.520 that with heating unevenly, if it should also rain or water should fall on it, it's not 10:23.520 --> 10:27.560 hot enough yet, because sometimes when you put water on it, not only does it crack into 10:27.560 --> 10:31.720 great big pieces, but it also cracks into little tiny pieces. 10:31.720 --> 10:34.520 Not quite hot enough. 10:34.520 --> 10:38.000 Not quite hot enough. 10:38.000 --> 10:41.360 You know what, every time I put the water on there, it cools it off, right? It keeps 10:41.360 --> 10:45.960 it at what? 212 degrees, because that's the temperature at which water boils. 10:45.960 --> 10:58.480 There we go. Now, let's take a look at that piece. There you see? See this little piece 10:58.480 --> 11:03.600 right here? It's all cracked up into little tiny little slivers. Well, that same sort 11:03.600 --> 11:05.000 of thing could happen to the rock. 11:05.000 --> 11:09.800 Well, that's another way that igneous rock is broken up. Besides, ice also changes in 11:09.800 --> 11:14.600 heat. Now, can you think of any other method that igneous rock might be broken up? 11:14.600 --> 11:15.600 Wind. 11:15.600 --> 11:20.760 Wind, especially when it carries little pieces of sand. 11:20.760 --> 11:21.760 Yeah, like a sandstorm. 11:21.760 --> 11:25.400 Like a sandstorm, could go by and knock off pieces. How about another method? 11:25.400 --> 11:29.680 Rain, it could wash it away. 11:29.680 --> 11:33.160 That's right, it could wash it away. And when you combine all those various methods, gradually 11:33.160 --> 11:37.120 you're going to tear the igneous rock down, and some strange things happen to it. Come 11:37.120 --> 11:40.760 on over here, I'll show you. 11:40.760 --> 11:46.040 You're going to be the rainstorm, the rainmaker, Mr. Johnson, rainmaker. I'm going to be heat 11:46.040 --> 11:52.200 and ice and wind and rain and wear this rock away. And you pour the water over here, so 11:52.200 --> 11:56.520 it will be the same as when it rains on the mountain, when all these things are happening. 11:56.520 --> 12:01.640 See how the various types of igneous rock would be worn away into little tiny pieces 12:01.640 --> 12:06.040 and carried by the water. Notice down there we have a lake. Be careful you don't have 12:06.040 --> 12:16.800 it rain too much so our lake overflows the shores, huh? 12:16.800 --> 12:22.280 Okay, that's enough. Now, what's going to happen when all this material gets down there 12:22.280 --> 12:27.280 to the lake? Let's take a look. See what happens? 12:27.280 --> 12:32.240 Gee, all the sand and all the rock and pebbles and stuff, they all went to the bottom and 12:32.240 --> 12:33.240 made a layer. 12:33.240 --> 12:37.680 That's right, and they formed a layer. And adults would call this a sediment. Have you 12:37.680 --> 12:38.680 ever heard that word? 12:38.680 --> 12:39.680 No. 12:39.680 --> 12:41.440 Sediment, a layer on the bottom of something. 12:41.440 --> 12:42.440 I don't think so. 12:42.440 --> 12:47.160 Well, when there's enough weight of water pushing down on it, it is no longer individual 12:47.160 --> 12:51.200 pieces but it's so much weight it pushes them together and forms a rock that might look 12:51.200 --> 12:53.920 something like that. Take a look at that. 12:53.920 --> 13:00.080 Oh yeah, you can see all the pebbles and all the sand and it's all forced together to a 13:00.080 --> 13:01.080 rock. 13:01.080 --> 13:02.960 And now this is no longer igneous rock but it's called sedimentary. 13:02.960 --> 13:03.960 Sedimentary rock. 13:03.960 --> 13:11.000 Sure, because it was sediment and now formed into a rock. So let's go up and take a look 13:11.000 --> 13:18.240 at our landscape over here. See, here was our igneous that was worn away and formed 13:18.240 --> 13:22.840 a layer down here of sedimentary. And you know when you see sedimentary rock like this 13:22.840 --> 13:30.280 that at one time it was under a lake or an ocean. So let's put our sign here. Sedimentary. 13:30.280 --> 13:32.960 Like that. 13:32.960 --> 13:38.720 Now what happens when some of this sedimentary has enough heat and pressure put on it? All 13:38.720 --> 13:43.480 kinds of strange things. We get a new kind of rock back here. Let us pretend that this 13:43.480 --> 13:48.520 is a mixture of sedimentary rock. I'm going to put heat and pressure on it with this, 13:48.520 --> 14:03.560 a nice hot iron. Watch what happens. 14:03.560 --> 14:08.560 Now as this begins to cool off, remember we had heat and pressure on it, as it begins 14:08.560 --> 14:14.840 to cool off it now forms a new kind of rock called metamorphic. And that comes from the 14:14.840 --> 14:20.880 Greek meta meaning change and morphic meaning form. Metamorphic. A rock that has changed 14:20.880 --> 14:26.320 form. And when this cooled, you see we would no longer have little individual bits of wax 14:26.320 --> 14:32.760 but a whole thing bound now into a new form called metamorphic. And I've got some samples 14:32.760 --> 14:33.760 of that over here. 14:33.760 --> 14:42.680 Oh, by the way, another very interesting aspect of rock that didn't come from igneous. Remember 14:42.680 --> 14:48.640 that was the fire type, right? You see, let's take a look at our ocean here. In this ocean 14:48.640 --> 14:53.640 were all kinds of little animals and plants. And they took calcium out of the water and 14:53.640 --> 15:00.840 used it to make skeletons and shells like this. Calcium carbonate they changed it to. 15:00.840 --> 15:04.800 And as they died, they fell down to the bottom and formed a layer too. 15:04.800 --> 15:05.800 They were heavier. 15:05.800 --> 15:09.040 Very heavier. Until pretty soon there was a lot of pressure put on them also with the 15:09.040 --> 15:12.080 weight of the water and they formed a kind of sedimentary rock also. 15:12.080 --> 15:16.840 You mean they were forced down so hard that they bound together to make a rock. 15:16.840 --> 15:21.200 Right, they make a rock. Now scientists can check the presence of calcium carbonate in 15:21.200 --> 15:25.680 a shell by putting some acid on it. So you take that eyedropper and put just a drop of 15:25.680 --> 15:29.280 the acid on that shell. See how it bubbles up? 15:29.280 --> 15:31.800 Boy, it bubbles and bubbles. 15:31.800 --> 15:35.800 And here is a piece of rock, a sedimentary rock, that was made out of those shells. 15:35.800 --> 15:38.120 Yeah, all the little shells on it. 15:38.120 --> 15:42.160 You can see little tiny shells on it over here. Now if it's true that scientists can 15:42.160 --> 15:47.240 check for calcium carbonate in a shell with the acid, how about putting a drop on here? 15:47.240 --> 15:48.240 We can find out. 15:48.240 --> 15:53.800 Okay, try it. See how it bubbles too? 15:53.800 --> 15:54.800 Yep. 15:54.800 --> 15:58.280 So they know that this has calcium carbonate. It probably came from shells. And this is 15:58.280 --> 16:03.320 a form of sedimentary rock. Now when you had great heat and pressure put on this sedimentary 16:03.320 --> 16:09.320 rock, it would change to what? Metamorphic. Okay, this kind of metamorphic rock could 16:09.320 --> 16:14.240 be changed into this kind. And what does that look like? 16:14.240 --> 16:15.240 Looks like marble. 16:15.240 --> 16:19.000 That's right, that's exactly what it is. This kind that we looked at first over here is 16:19.000 --> 16:23.480 limestone. And when limestone has heat and pressure on it, it's changed to metamorphic 16:23.480 --> 16:24.960 rock called marble. 16:24.960 --> 16:35.520 Say Mr. Wizard, if the animals got calcium for their shell, and then the shell went into 16:35.520 --> 16:43.880 the limestone over there, then that would change to marble. Well then we should be able 16:43.880 --> 16:49.160 to put the acid on and the marble should fizz and bubble and foam. 16:49.160 --> 16:53.680 Sounds logical, doesn't it? Well, try it. 16:53.680 --> 16:55.000 Sure. 16:55.000 --> 16:59.000 Congratulations Mr. Johnson, you're going to be a geologist yet. And now you know that 16:59.000 --> 17:03.080 that came from the bones and skeleton of the little animals, right? Here's another form 17:03.080 --> 17:06.240 of metamorphic rock. See, it looks a little different. 17:06.240 --> 17:07.240 Test it. 17:07.240 --> 17:13.400 Oh, well test it and see if it is. Once was limestone. No, it wasn't limestone. Well, 17:13.400 --> 17:17.600 but they both were metamorphic, meaning changed from some other form. Okay, now we can go 17:17.600 --> 17:20.560 back and look at our landscape again, can't we? 17:20.560 --> 17:21.560 Yep. 17:21.560 --> 17:26.880 See here was our igneous, and right here, this rock down here at one time was sedimentary, 17:26.880 --> 17:31.760 but igneous rock flowed over it, heated it up, put pressure on it, changed it to metamorphic. 17:31.760 --> 17:34.440 Now we have metamorphic. 17:34.440 --> 17:39.880 And we have some over there also, right? Okay, put the metamorphic up here. Now we have the 17:39.880 --> 17:46.880 three major kinds. Igneous, formed from fire, which would be this lava, basically like granite, 17:46.880 --> 17:50.920 and sedimentary, which was formed at the bottom of a lake as a sediment and then pressed into 17:50.920 --> 17:56.440 rock, and metamorphic, the original sedimentary rock was changed with heat and pressure into 17:56.440 --> 18:00.920 something else. Now, and many times this doesn't have to be found under the ground, because 18:00.920 --> 18:06.800 let's say that at one time this was all under the sea, a great big sea here, and then eruptions 18:06.800 --> 18:10.360 took place and the earth changed and moved, and some of the metamorphic rock was shoved 18:10.360 --> 18:16.160 right up here, so right out here you could mine marble. And also at the same time, an 18:16.160 --> 18:21.880 igneous shaft pushed itself right up to the ground, and right here you could mine granite. 18:21.880 --> 18:27.480 And notice that it pushed the sedimentary rock in various ways. So now we have the three 18:27.480 --> 18:30.360 kinds, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. 18:30.360 --> 18:36.280 Okay, now I have a very unusual specimen to examine. Would you help me move away this 18:36.280 --> 18:53.200 trough here? And you can also move that glass. There's the specimen right here. Now, what 18:53.200 --> 18:55.200 do you think of that, Mr. Johnson? 18:55.200 --> 19:00.000 Hmm, a very interesting specimen. Is it igneous? 19:00.000 --> 19:02.800 No, I wouldn't say that it was igneous. Would you? 19:02.800 --> 19:03.800 No, not quite. 19:03.800 --> 19:04.800 I wouldn't think so. 19:04.800 --> 19:06.800 Is it sediment or what? 19:06.800 --> 19:07.800 Sedimentary? 19:07.800 --> 19:08.800 Yes, sedimentary. 19:08.800 --> 19:10.800 Well, I rather doubt it. Would you? 19:10.800 --> 19:11.800 Well, then it's metamorphic. 19:11.800 --> 19:13.800 No, I don't even think it's metamorphic. 19:13.800 --> 19:15.800 Well, then what is it? 19:15.800 --> 19:17.800 Well, why don't you examine it very closely? 19:17.800 --> 19:19.800 Well, there's some layers. 19:19.800 --> 19:20.800 Yes. 19:20.800 --> 19:24.800 And that means that each individual layer was stuck on the other one, you know, and 19:24.800 --> 19:26.800 then they were packed together to make this rock. 19:26.800 --> 19:30.800 Right. In fact, you can see those layers very often, you know, when you go up a hill and 19:30.800 --> 19:35.800 they cut away the top of the hill and you can see the layers formed like this. 19:35.800 --> 19:39.800 Well, sometimes it takes thousands of years to just make one of those layers. 19:39.800 --> 19:42.800 Well, how many years did it take to make this? 19:42.800 --> 19:44.800 Well, just a few minutes, I'd say. 19:44.800 --> 19:45.800 A few minutes? 19:45.800 --> 19:46.800 Mm-hmm. 19:46.800 --> 19:49.800 Well, see, Mr. Wizard? 19:49.800 --> 19:50.800 Mm-hmm. 19:50.800 --> 19:52.800 There's some arrows on top of here. 19:52.800 --> 19:53.800 Mm-hmm. 19:53.800 --> 19:57.800 Well, are they fossils? Is that fossils? 19:57.800 --> 20:03.800 Fossils? Well, I don't think so. Fossils are the shapes of shells and animals and leaves 20:03.800 --> 20:06.800 that have been pressed down between the layers and left their form. 20:06.800 --> 20:11.800 These were made, I'd say, a sharp instrument, so I think that etchings would be a better word. 20:11.800 --> 20:13.800 Oh, well, were they made by human beings? 20:13.800 --> 20:14.800 Oh, naturally. 20:14.800 --> 20:18.800 See, Mr. Wizard, isn't it kind of funny that all the arrows are pointing one way? 20:18.800 --> 20:22.800 Well, let's check that side over there where they're pointing. 20:22.800 --> 20:27.800 See, there's some writing on it. It says, Open Here. 20:27.800 --> 20:29.800 Well, this is a rock with its building instructions. 20:29.800 --> 20:32.800 Building instructions. Well, are you ready to follow the instructions? 20:32.800 --> 20:33.800 Okay. 20:33.800 --> 20:39.800 Well, here, let's see if we can pry the layers apart. Ready? 20:39.800 --> 20:41.800 Follow the rules of good health. 20:41.800 --> 20:43.800 Well, you certainly know those, Mr. Johnson, don't you? 20:43.800 --> 20:48.800 Oh, sure. If I get in front of you asleep, exercise, fresh air, water, and rest, 20:48.800 --> 20:50.800 I'll see you well-balanced meals a day. 20:50.800 --> 20:53.800 Right. Are you ready to examine the next layer? 20:53.800 --> 20:58.800 Okay. 20:58.800 --> 21:01.800 And here's a way to get started on those rules of good health. 21:01.800 --> 21:05.800 The good breakfast of fruit, cereal, milk, bread, and butter. 21:05.800 --> 21:09.800 Right. That's the way to get started on those rules of good health every morning. 21:09.800 --> 21:13.800 Now, the reason for that is, Buzz, nutrition experts have found that it's very important for all of us 21:13.800 --> 21:19.800 to get from one-fourth to one-third of our whole day's food needs from the breakfast we eat. 21:19.800 --> 21:22.800 They've also found that there's no better way to get them than from a breakfast, 21:22.800 --> 21:25.800 well, like this one over here, for instance. 21:25.800 --> 21:30.800 See? A breakfast of fruit, cereal, milk, bread, and butter, 21:30.800 --> 21:33.800 or other foods of a variety, like eggs or breakfast meats. 21:33.800 --> 21:36.800 I like a breakfast like that every morning because it tastes so good. 21:36.800 --> 21:38.800 Well, it certainly does taste good, Buzz. 21:38.800 --> 21:42.800 But in addition to that, doctors found in a series of tests on college boys and girls 21:42.800 --> 21:46.800 at a big Midwest medical school that when you've had a good cereal breakfast, 21:46.800 --> 21:49.800 like that one, for instance, you'll be able to work better, 21:49.800 --> 21:52.800 you'll get a lot keener and sharper, and your muscles won't get so tired, 21:52.800 --> 21:54.800 especially during the late morning hours. 21:54.800 --> 21:58.800 And that's why I say it's smart to start every day with a good breakfast of... 21:58.800 --> 22:01.800 Fruit, cereal, milk, bread, and butter. 22:01.800 --> 22:02.800 Right. 22:02.800 --> 22:05.800 Now, you see, sometimes geologists can make very important discoveries. 22:05.800 --> 22:06.800 We did. 22:06.800 --> 22:08.800 Such as the one we made over here, right? 22:08.800 --> 22:11.800 In fact, you know what I made that rock out of? 22:11.800 --> 22:14.800 Remember, it was a man-made rock. I know because I made it. 22:14.800 --> 22:20.800 It took me just a few minutes, and I used a kind of a form of sedimentary rock called clay. 22:20.800 --> 22:24.800 And when clay is a sedimentary rock, it's changed to metamorphic. 22:24.800 --> 22:25.800 You know what it is? 22:25.800 --> 22:26.800 What? 22:26.800 --> 22:27.800 Slate. 22:27.800 --> 22:28.800 Slate? 22:28.800 --> 22:29.800 Yeah. 22:29.800 --> 22:30.800 You know, like the blackboards? 22:30.800 --> 22:33.800 Like the blackboards. And they also make roofs out of it, don't they? 22:33.800 --> 22:34.800 Mm-hmm. 22:34.800 --> 22:37.800 Well, so far now, we've made several important discoveries, 22:37.800 --> 22:40.800 but we still have a little problem here in that ordinarily when we walk on the ground, 22:40.800 --> 22:43.800 it isn't any one of these. It's sort of a black dirt, isn't it? 22:43.800 --> 22:44.800 Oh, yeah. 22:44.800 --> 22:47.800 Soil. What is it you suppose that is? How did that get there? 22:47.800 --> 22:52.800 Well, maybe it's a form of igneous and sedimentary and... 22:52.800 --> 22:53.800 Metamorphic? 22:53.800 --> 22:55.800 Metamorphic all mixed up together. 22:55.800 --> 22:58.800 Well, it could be, but there's a special element that's been added. 22:58.800 --> 23:00.800 See this hot plate over here? 23:00.800 --> 23:01.800 I see. 23:01.800 --> 23:03.800 Well, I've got a can cover on the top. 23:03.800 --> 23:10.800 I'm going to put a mixture of metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous called sand on one side of it. 23:10.800 --> 23:11.800 What happens? 23:11.800 --> 23:13.800 Nothing. It just gets hot. 23:13.800 --> 23:14.800 Just gets hot. 23:14.800 --> 23:18.800 Okay. Now, on the other hand, on the other side of the can, 23:18.800 --> 23:21.800 I'm going to put some of this black stuff that we call dirt or soil. 23:21.800 --> 23:23.800 And you watch what happens. See? 23:23.800 --> 23:24.800 Boy, that smokes. 23:24.800 --> 23:25.800 It sure smokes. 23:25.800 --> 23:30.800 Does that give you any clue as to what might be the other ingredient in soil? 23:32.800 --> 23:33.800 Burns? 23:33.800 --> 23:34.800 It burns. 23:34.800 --> 23:36.800 What is it that you put in the fireplace and it burns? 23:36.800 --> 23:37.800 Wood. 23:37.800 --> 23:38.800 Wood. 23:38.800 --> 23:45.800 Well, the material that's in soil that makes it different from sedimentary rocks and all the other things is organic material. 23:45.800 --> 23:48.800 That means at one time it was growing like a tree. 23:48.800 --> 23:53.800 It fell over and, you know, went into the ground and caved and had a lot of carbon in it. 23:53.800 --> 23:55.800 That's why the dirt is black. 23:55.800 --> 24:02.800 And it's a mixture of this organic material and the sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic rock that makes soil. 24:02.800 --> 24:07.800 And that black stuff is very important because that contains the food that plants need to grow on it. 24:07.800 --> 24:13.800 And so it's usually known as topsoil because it's found on the top layer here. 24:13.800 --> 24:14.800 You see where the trees are growing? 24:14.800 --> 24:16.800 That would be known as soil. 24:16.800 --> 24:19.800 And sometimes it takes thousands of years to just make an inch of it. 24:19.800 --> 24:23.800 And sometimes it blows away with the wind, you know, and erosion. 24:23.800 --> 24:25.800 So that would be soil. 24:25.800 --> 24:27.800 So let's put a soil sign up here. 24:27.800 --> 24:29.800 Like that. 24:29.800 --> 24:30.800 Now we have them all. 24:30.800 --> 24:31.800 Now we have them all. 24:31.800 --> 24:32.800 What was this? 24:32.800 --> 24:33.800 Igneous. 24:33.800 --> 24:34.800 Igneous, yes. 24:34.800 --> 24:35.800 And what does that mean? 24:35.800 --> 24:38.800 That means fire. 24:38.800 --> 24:39.800 Came from fire. 24:39.800 --> 24:40.800 Came from fire. 24:40.800 --> 24:41.800 Right. And an example of that is what? 24:41.800 --> 24:42.800 Granite. 24:42.800 --> 24:43.800 Granite. 24:43.800 --> 24:45.800 Okay. How about this white stuff right here? 24:45.800 --> 24:47.800 That's sedimentary. 24:47.800 --> 24:48.800 What does that mean? 24:48.800 --> 24:52.800 And that means, well, like the sedimentary. 24:52.800 --> 24:53.800 Formed as a layer. 24:53.800 --> 24:54.800 Yeah, yeah. 24:54.800 --> 24:55.800 Formed as a layer. That's right. 24:55.800 --> 24:57.800 And what is a good example of that? 24:57.800 --> 24:58.800 Limestone. 24:58.800 --> 25:04.800 Limestone. Oh, that was formed, remember, out of the shells and the skeletons of animals and not from igneous rock. 25:04.800 --> 25:06.800 Okay, now, what is the other kind? 25:06.800 --> 25:08.800 Metamorphic. 25:08.800 --> 25:10.800 Very good. And what does that mean? 25:10.800 --> 25:13.800 Well, that means change form. 25:13.800 --> 25:15.800 Change form. Right. 25:15.800 --> 25:17.800 And what's a good example of that one that you know? 25:17.800 --> 25:18.800 Marble. 25:18.800 --> 25:20.800 Marble, which came from limestone, right? 25:20.800 --> 25:25.800 Well, fine. And finally you have soil, which has an important thing added to it. What is it? 25:25.800 --> 25:26.800 Organic. 25:26.800 --> 25:27.800 Organic. 25:27.800 --> 25:30.800 Organic material. In other words, it was growing at one time. 25:30.800 --> 25:39.800 And by the way, some of that organic material could be down here in the sedimentary when it folded over and be buried down in here and they'd later get it out as coal. 25:39.800 --> 25:40.800 And oil, maybe. 25:40.800 --> 25:42.800 And oil, sure. 25:42.800 --> 25:44.800 So there we have the various types. 25:44.800 --> 25:46.800 Now, remember we had a man-made one over here? 25:46.800 --> 25:49.800 Well, man actually makes a very good rock. 25:49.800 --> 25:55.800 It's a combination of sort of sedimentary and metamorphic put together, and he calls it concrete. 25:55.800 --> 25:56.800 Oh. 25:56.800 --> 25:59.800 In fact, I've got some concrete over here. 25:59.800 --> 26:05.800 And it's a special kind of tester because it's surprising how strong man can make his own rock. 26:05.800 --> 26:08.800 Here's the concrete down here in the form of a block. 26:08.800 --> 26:14.800 And they use this machine for testing concrete to see that it will hold up under the load that is necessary, see? 26:14.800 --> 26:16.800 So here's a dial up here. 26:16.800 --> 26:20.800 And it's going to keep track of the number of pounds I put on with this hydraulic press. 26:20.800 --> 26:22.800 So you watch. 26:22.800 --> 26:25.800 You read out the number of pounds. 26:25.800 --> 26:26.800 200,000. 26:26.800 --> 26:27.800 How many? 26:27.800 --> 26:28.800 200,000. 26:28.800 --> 26:29.800 20,000. 26:29.800 --> 26:30.800 20. 26:30.800 --> 26:31.800 There's 30. 26:31.800 --> 26:32.800 We just passed. 26:32.800 --> 26:35.800 Now it's 40,000. 26:35.800 --> 26:37.800 A little below 50. 26:37.800 --> 26:39.800 There, we're a little below. 26:39.800 --> 26:43.800 Now we're coming to 60,000. 26:43.800 --> 26:49.800 We're almost 70. 26:49.800 --> 26:54.800 There's 80,000. 26:54.800 --> 26:55.800 90,000. 26:55.800 --> 26:58.800 Pretty sure we're going to get up to 100,000 pounds. 26:58.800 --> 26:59.800 There's 100. 26:59.800 --> 27:06.800 100,000. 27:06.800 --> 27:09.800 100,000. 27:09.800 --> 27:10.800 There's 100. 27:10.800 --> 27:12.800 There she goes. 27:12.800 --> 27:13.800 More. 27:13.800 --> 27:14.800 See how much? 27:14.800 --> 27:19.800 100, well, it was about 130,000 pounds. 27:19.800 --> 27:23.800 And take a look at man-made rock. 27:23.800 --> 27:25.800 See why I said it was sort of like sedimentary? 27:25.800 --> 27:29.800 Because it has all these bigger rocks in it held together with a thing called cement. 27:29.800 --> 27:33.800 And there's changes formed too because there's a chemical reaction that takes place in it. 27:33.800 --> 27:37.800 That's why I said it was sort of like metamorphic also. 27:37.800 --> 27:42.800 Well, now that you know all about these various kinds of rocks, I think it's about time for you to go home. 27:42.800 --> 27:45.800 And the next time you go on a hike, see if you can guess what kind of rocks they are. 27:45.800 --> 27:46.800 Okay. 27:46.800 --> 27:47.800 What are we going to do next week? 27:47.800 --> 27:51.800 Well, next week, Buzz, we're going to examine science in the circus. 27:51.800 --> 27:55.800 And we're going to find out why this little man is so good at balancing. 27:55.800 --> 27:58.800 Here. 27:58.800 --> 27:59.800 You take that loop. 27:59.800 --> 28:02.800 You walk over there by the table. 28:02.800 --> 28:04.800 Like that. 28:04.800 --> 28:07.800 See this little man here? 28:07.800 --> 28:10.800 He's sitting on a little bicycle. 28:10.800 --> 28:12.800 See? 28:12.800 --> 28:16.800 And he's so good at balancing that you can put him on this tightrope. 28:16.800 --> 28:18.800 Here, you step back just a little bit while you're there. 28:18.800 --> 28:23.800 Fine. You can set him here on this tightrope on his little bicycle. 28:23.800 --> 28:33.800 And not only will he be able to stay on the bicycle, but he will ride. 28:33.800 --> 28:37.800 Now, the very important scientific principle about why that man stays on the bicycle. 28:37.800 --> 28:42.800 And next week, we'll find out all about it as we examine science in the circus. 28:42.800 --> 29:11.800 Don't forget to be with us next week for another exciting program of mystery and magic. 29:12.800 --> 29:14.800 And every day things. 29:14.800 --> 29:19.800 When the Serial Institute again invites you to watch Mr. Wizard. 29:19.800 --> 29:44.800 Yes, and by the way, Mr. Wizard lives in Chicago.